Kategorie: ‘Student contribution’
Traveling to Africa as a Gap Year Adventure: Understanding the Risk of a Meningitis
Source: pixabay
Disclaimer!
This article and its major media content are produced by students to train science communication as part of a lecture about human infectious pathogens. The article does not represent official advice from the authorities. For authorized information about the disease in question, please refer to the official health authorities in your country or the World Health Organization.
By Franziska Broeske and Yuko Tanabe
Thinking about going on an exciting gap year adventure to Africa? Exploring new cultures, wildlife, and stunning landscapes can be an incredible experience. However, it’s important to be aware of potential health risks, including meningitis, and take necessary precautions for a safe and unforgettable journey.
The Meningitis belt
Meningitis is a bacterial infection that affects the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. In Africa, especially in the sub-Saharan region known as the „Meningitis belt“, meningitis is more common compared to other parts of the world. Moreover, it is important to stay informed about the current infections during your trip. Keep in mind that the dry season is the most dangerous, with the risk of an infection being significantly higher. When you are interested in the latest outbreak and how the government handles the recurring outbreaks, you can read the comment, “Meningitis outbreak in Nigeria: Nigeria’s Inadequate Response to Devastating Meningitis Outbreak”, published in the newspaper TERRA*. The author criticizes the Nigerian government during the latest meningitis outbreak between October 2022 and April 2023. The bacteria involved in this outbreak are primarily Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis, which cause meningitis in young adults.
Cause and symptoms of the disease
These specific bacteria, which cause meningitis, are primarily transmitted through respiratory droplets, often spread by coughing, sneezing, or close contact with an infected person. Places like hostels, public transportation, or social gatherings can increase the risk of exposure. It is important for you to recognize the symptoms (fever, headache, vomiting …) and to be informed about the risks of a meningitis infection. Therefore, we suggest the video “Human Pathogens: Meningitis” for you to learn key facts about the infection and what actually happens in your body when you are infected with Streptococcus pneumoniae.
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Prevention of a meningitis infection
One of the most effective ways to safeguard against meningitis is through vaccination. Conjugate vaccines are available and recommended for travelers visiting high-risk areas, including sub-Saharan Africa. Consult a healthcare professional or a travel clinic well in advance of your trip to receive the necessary vaccinations and understand the recommended schedule. To find out more about bacterial meningitis and its prevention, listen to the interview with Dr. Mark van der Linden, the head of the reference laboratory for streptococci at the Institute of Medical Microbiology at RWTH Aachen University Hospital.
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Additional advice for a safe trip
In addition to vaccinations and vigilance, maintaining a healthy lifestyle during your trip is important. A balanced diet, regular exercise, and sufficient rest can strengthen your immune system, reducing the chances of infection. Don’t forget to purchase comprehensive travel insurance that covers medical expenses, including emergency medical evacuation. Accidents and unforeseen circumstances can occur, and having adequate insurance will provide peace of mind throughout your adventure.
Traveling to Africa during your gap year can be a transformative experience. By understanding the risks associated with meningitis and taking proactive measures, you can fully embrace the beauty of the continent, immerse yourself in diverse cultures, and create lifelong memories. Remember, your health and safety are of utmost importance, so plan wisely, stay informed, and enjoy an incredible journey exploring the wonders of Africa!
* fictional newspaper
About the authors:
Franziska Broeske
Master student in Biology “Medical life science”
RWTH Aachen University
Yuko Tanabe
Master student in Biology “Medical life science”
RWTH Aachen University
Let’s have a Prep-Talk about Sex…
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…ually Transmitted Infections
Disclaimer!
This article and its major media content are produced by students to train science communication as part of a lecture about human infectious pathogens. The article does not represent official advice from the authorities. For authorized information about the disease in question, please refer to the official health authorities in your country or the World Health Organization.
By Stamatis Spyridonidis and Veera Kostamo
Over the past few years, remarkable progress has been made in the field of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), particularly in the realm of prevention strategies. One approach that has gained significant attention since 2012 is Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP). By utilising antiretroviral medication, PrEP effectively reduces the risk of acquiring HIV. However, it is crucial to consider the interconnectedness of HIV and other STIs when addressing sexual health. While the approval of PrEP has led to a decrease in HIV cases, there has been a noticeable rise in several other STIs. The question arises: why is this happening?
Understanding HIV and other Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a viral infection that targets the body’s T-cells, essential components of the immune system responsible for safeguarding against diseases. It is transmitted through specific bodily fluids such as blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk. Once inside the body, the virus replicates rapidly, gradually depleting T-cells. As the immune system weakens, individuals become more vulnerable to various infections and diseases. If it stays untreated, HIV can progress to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which currently has no effective cure. However, with proper treatment, including antiretroviral therapy (ART), people living with HIV can lead healthy lives and reduce the risk of transmitting the virus to others.
In addition to HIV, there are various other STIs that primarily spread through sexual contact, blood, or semen, causing a variety of symptoms ranging from discomfort to severe health problems. These infections can be caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi. Examples include chlamydia, gonorrhoea, human papillomavirus (HPV), and herpes.
Understanding Numbers and Correlations: Unravelling the Relationship Between STIs and PrEP
The prevalence of four curable STIs—syphilis, gonorrhoea, chlamydia, and trichomoniasis—reached an estimated 374 million incident cases in 2020. Surprisingly, several studies have revealed that individuals using PrEP, a medication to prevent HIV transmission, experienced a higher burden of STIs after initiating the treatment. A comprehensive study done in Montreal, Cananda, spanning five years until 2015 found that the number of STI cases rose from 49 to 84 per 100 persons in the year following PrEP prescription. Although PrEP has proven highly effective against HIV, it does not provide protection against other sexually transmitted infections. The exact correlation between the rising numbers of STIs among PrEP users is still unknown. Various factors play a significant role in this trend, as mentioned in an opinion article by Dr T. Pallidum, a specialist working in the field of STIs. Whether it is a result of engaging in condomless sex, having multiple sexual partners, or adopting riskier sexual behaviours, the key is to develop new strategies to combat these infections.
Implementing Effective Strategies
In response to the rising numbers of STIs, the World Health Organization (WHO) released a new Implementation tool during the 23rd World Congress of the International Union against Sexually Transmitted Infections (IUSTI) in 2022. One crucial aspect emphasised in this implementation tool is the integration of various STI services, such as consultations and STI testing, alongside PrEP prescriptions. Regular trimonthly testing for STIs, combined with the use of PrEP medication, ensures the early detection of asymptomatic infections. Treating these infections promptly helps prevent further transmission to sexual partners.
Accessible STI Testing Centres
In every city, multiple STI testing centres can be found, offering tests for a variety of STIs either free of charge or at a minimal cost. The best part is that testing for STIs is easy, fast, and accessible. All testing centres adhere to the same principles, ensuring reliable and accurate results. To learn more about the testing process, you can refer to the video below:
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Addressing Sexual Behaviours and Youth: Fostering Open Dialogue
Adolescents and young adults represent one of the most sexually active and risk-taking groups. As they navigate their sexuality, especially in the era of online dating, they often make choices and take risks that can put them in danger. Furthermore, due to the stigma surrounding discussions about sex, young individuals may feel hesitant to ask questions about safe practices and sexual health. To protect them, it is crucial to address the stigma surrounding sex starting from home. Parents should engage in open conversations and provide education to their children about sex, thereby removing the fear associated with discussing these topics.
Dr. Daniel Beer, a specialist in internal medicine and infectiology, shares his perspective on this topic and provides insights into how parents can help address this issue in the following interview:
While PrEP has made significant strides in reducing HIV cases, the rise of other STIs among PrEP users must be addressed. By implementing new strategies that integrate STI services with PrEP prescriptions, advocating for regular testing, and fostering open discussions about sex and safety, we can effectively combat the spread of STIs. It is important for individuals to prioritise their sexual health by taking advantage of easily accessible testing centres and staying informed about the latest advancements in STI prevention.
References:
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-018-2252-9
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-019-00446-5
Ebola Outbreak: A Global Concern and Lessons Learned for a Resilient Future
Disclaimer!
This article and its major media content are produced by students to train science communication as part of a lecture about human infectious pathogens. The article does not represent official advice from the authorities. For authorized information about the disease in question, please refer to the official health authorities in your country or the World Health Organization.
By Kerstin Lehnen and Lena Rocca
Introduction
In recent headlines, the Aachener Newspaper has highlighted a concerning development – the reemergence of Ebola in the Democratic Republic of Congo. In this article, we embark on a journey to understand the historical context of the virus, particularly the devastating outbreak from 2014 to 2016. We will also delve into the current situation in Congo, exploring the characteristics of the Sudan Ebola virus responsible for the recent outbreak. Along the way, we will provide valuable resources, including an engaging video by science influencer SciFluencis* and an enlightening podcast hosted by Sciencefacts*. Get ready to uncover the global impact of Ebola and the invaluable lessons we’ve learned along the way.
The Devastating Outbreak of 2014-2016
Between 2014 and 2016, West Africa experienced the longest and largest Ebola outbreak in history. Originating in Guinea in December 2013, the virus rapidly spread across borders, resulting in over 28,600 reported cases and a tragic death toll of 11,325. Although Germany didn’t directly witness any cases, travelers infected with the virus introduced it to the country. Through international collaboration, enhanced disease surveillance, and effective treatment measures, the epidemic was eventually brought under control.
The Current Ebola Outbreak in Congo
On August 21, 2022, the Ministry of Health of the Republic of the Congo reported a new Ebola outbreak. Confirmed through rigorous medical tests, the outbreak persisted from August 21 to September 27, 2022, with 164 reported cases. Among them, 142 cases were confirmed, while 87 patients successfully recovered and 55 tragically lost their lives. The Sudan Ebola virus was identified as the cause, posing a challenge as there are currently no approved therapeutics or vaccines for this strain.
Unraveling the Sudan Ebola Virus
Belonging to a group of six Ebola virus species, the Sudan Ebola virus is a rare but life-threatening infectious disease. Originating in wild animals, the virus is transmited to humans through contact with infected animals. Human-to-human transmission primarily occurs through physical contact with Ebola patients or deceased individuals. The virus spreads mainly through bodily fluids, necessitating robust containment and prevention measures.
Expanding Your Knowledge
To gain a deeper understanding of Ebola and its implications, we recommend exploring additional resources. SciFluencis*, renowned science influencers, have produced a captivating video titled „What is Ebola?“ that offers an in-depth explanation of the virus:
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Furthermore, in our quest to understand the global preparedness and response efforts, we turn to the enlightening podcast hosted by Sciencefacts*. In this thought-provoking podcast episode, hosted by Laura* and Julia*, university students in the field of infectious diseases shed light on the progression of an Ebola infection:
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Conclusion
The resurgence of Ebola in Congo serves as a powerful reminder of the persistent threat posed by this deadly virus. Yet, by embracing international collaboration, bolstering disease surveillance, and advancing treatment and prevention strategies, we can strive to minimize its impact. Our collective commitment to learning from past outbreaks and staying informed through credible resources enables us to contribute to global efforts in tackling Ebola and safeguarding public health.
Let us remember that knowledge and awareness are our greatest weapons against infectious diseases like Ebola. By staying informed and working together, we can build a future resilient to such global health challenges. Stay informed, stay safe, and join us in our pursuit of a healthier world.
*fictious characters
About the authors:
Lena Rocca
Age 23, 2nd semester Biology M. Sc., major: Medical Life Science
Kerstin Lehnen
Age 22, 1st semester Biology M. Sc., major: Neurobiology
Avian Influenza – Current Global Situation and Risk Assessment in Germany (May 2023)
Disclaimer!
This article and its major media content are produced by students to train science communication as part of a lecture about human infectious pathogens. The article does not represent official advice from the authorities. For authorized information about the disease in question, please refer to the official health authorities in your country or the World Health Organization.
By Laura Charlier and Meryem Pehlivan
In April 2023, the Ministry of Health in Chile reported a human infection caused by avian influenza A virus (H5N1) in Chile. Avian influenza A is a highly contagious disease mainly occurring in poultry. H5N1 is the most prominent subtype of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) detected in infected birds.
Since December 2022, more than 120 outbreaks of avian influenza in bird populations have been documented in Germany, two of which were reported in May. In some cases, other wild animals were affected. According to the Friedrich-Loeffler institute, four cases of infected foxes have been reported this year.
Transmission from animals to humans is rare but can happen due to direct contact to an infected animal or to infected material, like saliva or feces. Human-to-human transmission is extremely rare and was reported in only a few cases, mostly after prolonged and unprotected contact with an infected, symptomatic person. Learn more about the transmission paths.
The range of symptoms due to an HPAI infection begins with no symptoms or mild illness to severe disease including lower respiratory tract disease, severe pneumonia with respiratory failure and multi-organ failure. The approximate case fatality proportion is 40-50%.
According the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 13 cases of human infection with avian influenza A (H5N1) have been reported worldwide since 2020. There are no cases of human infections known in Germany.
The general risk for an infection with an HPAI is currently low. However, it is important to take precautions. Three main aspects for keeping the risk low should be considered:
1: Monitoring
If you had contact to a sick or dead wild bird and develop symptoms like fever, cough, headache or muscle ache, contact your local health department and follow their instructions.
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2: Prevention
There are many ways of preventing yourself of an infection with avian influenza. The veterinarian Claudia Miller* talks about what you need to know about bird flu and the preventive steps you should always keep in mind.
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3: Education
As children are very curious and like to play in nature, it is extremely important to teach them in young age how to behave around wild animals. The following explanatory video may help your child to understand the possible risks.
If you are a teacher in an elementary school, consider to educate your students about the bird flu and other zoonotic infections. This information material provided by the WHO visualizes important facts accessible for young children.
Informing yourself about updates is crucial in order to adapt to changes of the current situation. If you are interested, you can use further material and read about the avian flu. Always keep in mind to use trustworthy sources and check if the given information can be verified. A current statement of the infection biologist Ayda Mellinger* addresses the question how to deal with the global bird flu situation.
*fictious character
About the authors:
Laura Charlier
Age 25, 1st semster Biology M. Sc., major: Medical Life Science
„I think it’s crucial as a scientist to communicate scientific topics to the public. It’s not only interesting and fun to create a Blog article, but also very hard to put yourself into the position of your target audience! Therefore, seminars like this are really helpful to develop communication skills.“
Meryem Pehlivan
2nd semester Biology M. Sc., majors: Microbiology and Genetics
„I think that science communication is a very important task and skill that every scientist should master. For me, this seminar was an opportunity to learn these skills.“
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Neueste Beiträge
- Traveling to Africa as a Gap Year Adventure: Understanding the Risk of a Meningitis
- Let’s have a Prep-Talk about Sex…
- Ebola Outbreak: A Global Concern and Lessons Learned for a Resilient Future
- Avian Influenza – Current Global Situation and Risk Assessment in Germany (May 2023)
- April 25: World Malaria Day 2023
